Comparing and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Essays

Looking at and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Essays Looking at and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Essay Looking at and Contrast the Chemical Disasters at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Essay In today’s current society, the same number of nations have been growing quick, the advances are arriving at elevated expectations of level, for instance, the high characteristics weed executioners and the fluid more clean. In any case, as the huge creation happening, the an ever increasing number of slip-ups will be going on, in light of the fact that a few innovations, for example, weed executioner and fluid cleaners are synthetic compounds. With no uncertainty, synthetic compounds are extremely destructive for individuals. As individuals all realize that, poisonous synthetic concoctions are utilized in the ventures, which must be securely secured and give intense use guidance, for example, wearing long gloves, wellbeing shoes or covers. In any case, even the synthetic substances are under a few directions, yet individuals may have committed some genuine errors which caused an immense harm and huge measure of death to individuals. In this exposition, I will expound on the two catastrophes that caused a ton of harms by the blast of toxic synthetic substances, which situated in India and Italy. As indicated by Shrivastava (1996), the evening of 2/3 December 1984, a colossal mishap occurred in Bhopal, India, the exceptionally harmful and lopsided concoction gas was gotten away from the industrial facility and keep on spreading over the city which brought about by the absence of the consideration and care ness. Aside from that, Marchi and Funtowicz and Ravetz (1996) states that in the 10 July 1976, an amazing weed executioner which named 245T was detonated in an unassuming community which situated close to Milan, the 245T contained the most impressive and poisonous synthetic compounds, it can murder any live stocks and human effectively, the mishap was brought about by man made unmanaged directions and the harmful dioxin was spilled to the environment. Between these two mishaps, they were completely brought about by individuals not nature. Far-fetched, these two took puts in various period and areas. Luke (1984) accepted that the Bhopal mishap was brought about by the numbness of specialists. This industrial facility was worked in a packed populace condition, and in light of the fact that they contrary to the standard of US security standard, an excessive amount of measure of MIC was contained in the store and because of its gigantic amount, the tank was not sufficiently able to hold the concoction, as the wellbeing manual required at o degree, the security framework was separated and water spilling in to it and set off the response. The synthetic concoctions were discharged into the air. Bhopal and Seveso were comparable in that, as per Marchi Funtowicz Ravetz (1996) on account of the unmanaged guidelines and the obliviousness, the debacles had a significant harm and impact. As indicated by Gail (2003), the Indian Government put forth an extraordinary attempt in attempting to control the circumstance, yet the entirety of their endeavors neglected to give the adequate flexibly of clinical administrations and food gracefully. There was insufficient spot for all the harmed individuals to get clinical treatment. That is a direct result of the huge number of wounds and the absence of specialists and medication. Added to this, specialists at Bhopal had no clue about what sort of warmth they were managing. Tragically, the vast majority showed up at the medical clinic when it was past the point of no return, others kicked the bucket while trusting that their tern will see a specialist. Like Bhopal, Seveso experienced absence of quick reactions and from numbness of what precisely occurred and what gases were discharged. Late choices of departure and different reactions were made, after the administration first move of acknowledging and characterizing the mishap and its potential outcomes. B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravetz (1996), accept that Seveso had a superior reaction than Bhopal, when a correlation between the two fiascos were made. The Italian Government had greater capacity to retain the effects in a shorter timeframe. Not at all like Bhopal, the procedure of recuperation was sensibly acceptable, because of the littler effects, less harm and the high budgetary capacity. There were remunerations to casualties, redeployment to individuals lost their positions and there was some control on wellbeing long haul impacts by observing them through a down to earth arranged program. The principle contrast between the impacts of the mishaps at Bhopal and Seveso is that numerous individuals kicked the bucket at Bhopal, while there was no any passing cases announced in any article at Seveso. Passing is viewed as a transient impact. David (2002) accepts they were about 7000 demise cases at Bhopal. Baines (1993) referenced other transient impacts at Bhopal, for example, trouble and eye aggravation. Comparative indications showed up on Seveso survivors. Added to this, Shrivastava (1996) brings up that individuals presented to the discharged gas had some other short-impacts, for example, hack, regurgitating and chest torments. Long haul impacts at Bhopal basically were visual perception shortcoming and high chance of getting various types of Cancer. No drawn out impacts are in detail in â€Å"The long street to recovery†, (B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravetz 1996), neither in â€Å"Environmental Disasters†, (Baines 1993). These fiascos had included such a large number of individuals, some were dead, and some were genuinely harmed . Additionally, a few people may have an extraordinary danger of getting the antagonistic impact in their rest of lives. Due to these happened , there must be somebody stand up and assuming the liability for the colossal harms and waste . In the catastrophe of Bhopal , the organization which engaged with was association Carbide , this organization in USA was diminished their estimation of stocks by this disappointment. Besides, the Union Carbide in India needs to acknowledge to pay the financing for the patients and for the harms. Despite the fact that, the American organization against to acknowledge the legitimate duty which done without anyone else. Yet, the nearby government and a great deal of legal counselors have sued the organization, and they won the beat, so they got the financing for the harmed families and clinics. (â€Å"Bhopal India† DIS Covering Science). Conversely, as indicated by â€Å"The long street to recovery†, by B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravetz (1996), the organization of the Seveso had paid for the emergency clinics and government and any hurt, and they will be more worry about how to do the protections cautiously and sensible. To keeping away from these things happen once more, every individuals and people have planned something for forestall these sorts of calamities. As a matter of first importance, as per the articles, nearby government had administer a few issues for caring the synthetic concoctions and cautioning individuals who were working with the synthetic compounds must compensation a ton of considerations on it. Likewise, the organizations which delivering the synthetic concoctions must be situated a long way from the high extents of individuals in the areas and giving the information to emergency clinics about how to fix the substance ailment. All in all, every one and society need to plan something for keep away from the calamity occur, in light of the fact that nobody needs beyond words needs to see others dead. Along these lines, from these two catastrophes, People have concentrated how to forestall the calamity occur, and not simply accuse somebody to assume liability after the debacles. Despite the fact that these two genuine occasions had happened years back, it despite everything named the one of the most noticeably awful modern catastrophe on the planet, on the grounds that numerous blameless individuals were passed on for it, and such a large number of individuals needed to harm the difficult during their rest of lives. Article Foundation 001 Scholastic composing Comparing and difference the substance calamities at Bhopal in India and Seveso in Italy Student complete name: Li Fei Lu (Lulu) Teacher: Chris Beard Essay length: 1190 words Reference A sequence of occasions at Seveso and Seveso adjusted from B. De Marchi, S. Funtowicz, and J. Ravertz (1996) Seveso: A confusing exemplary in The long street disclosure: Community reactions to mechanical debacle Edited by James K. Mitchell: United countries University Press. â€Å"Bhopal, India. † DISCovering Science. Online Edition. Hurricane, 2003. Imitated in understudy Resource Center. Detroit: Gale, 2004. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/SRC downloaded 26 November 2004 Cancer fears frequent overcomers of Italian synthetic fiasco (1997) Cancer Weekly Plus Retrieved January 23, 2005, from the Expanded Academic Database David, L (2002) Night of the Gas New Internationalist p34 (2) p9 Retrieved January 23, 2005, from the Expanded Academic Database Shrivastava, P (1996) Long-term recuperation from the Bhopal emergency in The long street to recuperation: Community reactions to modern calamity Edited by James K. Mitchell: United Nations University Press (adjusted)

The History of Spains Gran Dolina

The History of Spain's Gran Dolina Gran Dolina is a cavern site in the Sierra de Atapuerca area of focal Spain, roughly 15 kilometers from the town of Burgos. It is one of six significant paleolithic destinations situated in the Atapuerca cavern framework; Gran Dolina speaks to the longest involved, with occupations dated from the Lower and Middle Paleolithic times of mankind's history. Gran Dolina has 18-19 meters of archeological stores, including 19 degrees of which eleven incorporate human occupations. A large portion of the human stores, which date somewhere in the range of 300,000 and 780,000 years back, are wealthy in creature bone and stone instruments. The Aurora Stratum at Gran Dolina The most established layer at Gran Dolina is known as the Aurora layer (or TD6). Recuperated from TD6 were stone center choppers, chipping flotsam and jetsam, creature bone and hominin remains. TD6 was dated utilizing electron turn reverberation to roughly 780,000 years prior or somewhat prior. Gran Dolina is one of the most seasoned human destinations in Europe as just Dmanisi in Georgia is more established. The Aurora layer contained the remaining parts of six people, of a primate predecessor called Homo antecessor, or maybe H. erectus: there is some discussion of the particular primate at Gran Dolina, partially in view of some Neanderthal-like qualities of the primate skeletons (see Bermã ºdez Bermudez de Castro 2012 for a conversation). Components of every one of the six showed cut imprints and other proof of butchering, including eviscerating, defleshing, and cleaning of the primates and in this manner Gran Dolina is the most established proof of human barbarianism found to date. Bone Tools From Gran Dolina Layer TD-10 at Gran Dolina is depicted in the archeological writing as transitional among Acheulean and Mousterian, inside Marine Isotope Stage 9, or roughly 330,000 to 350,000 years back. Inside this level were recouped in excess of 20,000 stone ancient rarities, for the most part of chert, quartzite, quartz, and sandstone, and denticulates and side-scrubbers are the essential devices. Bone have been distinguished inside TD-10, a bunch of which are accepted to speak to apparatuses, including a bone sledge. The mallet, like ones found in a few other Middle Paleolithic locales, seems to have been utilized for delicate sledge percussion, that is, as an apparatus for making stone instruments. See the depiction of the proof in Rosell et al. recorded underneath. Paleohistory at Gran Dolina The complex of collapses Atapuerca was found when a railroad channel was uncovered through them in the mid-nineteenth century; proficient archeological unearthings were led during the 1960s and the Atapuerca Project started in 1978 and proceeds right up 'til today. Source: Aguirre E, and Carbonell E. 2001. Early human ventures into Eurasia: The Atapuerca proof. Quaternary International 75(1):11-18. Bermudez de Castro JM, Carbonell E, Caceres I, Diez JC, Fernandez-Jalvo Y, Mosquera M, Olle A, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez XP, Rosas An et al. 1999. The TD6 (Aurora layer) primate site, Final comments and new inquiries. Diary of Human Evolution 37:695-700. Bermudez de Castro JM, Martinon-Torres M, Carbonell E, Sarmiento S, Rosas, Van der Made J, and Lozano M. 2004. The Atapuerca destinations and their commitment to the information on human advancement in Europe. Developmental Anthropology 13(1):25-41. Bermã ºdez de Castro JM, Carretero JM, Garcã ­a-Gonzlez R, Rodrã ­guez-Garcã ­a L, Martinã ³n-Torres M, Rosell J, Blasco R, Martã ­n-Francã ©s L, Modesto M, and Carbonell E. 2012. Early pleistocene human humeri from the Gran Dolina-TD6 site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147(4):604-617. Cuenca-Bescã ³s G, Melero-Rubio M, Rofes J, Martã ­nez I, Arsuaga JL, Blain HA, Lã ³pez-Garcã ­a JM, Carbonell E, and Bermudez de Castro JM. 2011. The Early-Middle Pleistocene natural and climatic change and the human development in Western Europe: A contextual investigation with little vertebrates (Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain). Diary of Human Evolution 60(4):481-491. Fernndez-Jalvo Y, Dã ­ez JC, Cceres I, and Rosell J. 1999. Human barbarianism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). Diary of Human Evolution 37(3-4):591-622. Lã ³pez Antoã ±anzas R, and Cuenca Bescã ³s G. 2002. The Gran Dolina site (Lower to Middle Pleistocene, Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain): new palaeoenvironmental information dependent on the dispersion of little well evolved creatures. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 186(3-4):311-334. Rosell J, Blasco R, Campeny G, Dã ­ez JC, Alcalde RA, Menã ©ndez L, Arsuaga JL, Bermã ºdez de Castro JM, and Carbonell E. 2011. Bone as a mechanical crude material at the Gran Dolina site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). Diary of Human Evolution 61(1):125-131. Rightmire, GP. 2008 Homo in the Middle Pleistocene: Hypodigms, variety, and species acknowledgment. Developmental Anthropology 17(1):8-21.

Fainel exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fainel test - Essay Example It is a house worked of wood and it stands apart as a forehead house ext to a divider made of stones. Surfaces and window is a painting in a characteristic setting. It is a window which is close to a nursery something basic in many homes. It is introduced in an extremely common manner utilizing standard hues to make the artistic creation recognizable to the watcher. Relics blessed messenger is a painting mirroring the substance of a vestige shop. The various types of artifacts one can discover in such shops, for example, drum gives the artwork its personality. Definitively, Elizabeth Ann has expressed that her work shows divided reality. She is enlivened by music, sound, pieces and bits of artificial and characteristic types of nature. With the utilization of light, shading, and shadow she shapes her works of art to speak to nature around her. Utilization of rationale in a fantasy world makes her artistic creations one of a kind and remarkable. Social affair pictures from this present reality, and assembling them in innovative ways has guaranteed that her work is applicable in the cutting edge contemporary

Fast Track Couriers Pty Ltd †Get Free Sample Solution Click Now

Question: Depict about the Fast Track Couriers Pty Ltd? Answer: 1. Audit Of Scenario Information Presentation The firm named Fast Track Couriers has been in to the market since long and is a dispatch association that has consistently been working inside New South Wales for most recent 15 years. The essential business of the firm is completely identified with conveying the medium towards enormous size bundles over the metropolitan Sydney. As of now the firm needs to extend its market and points towards two essential objectives. They are: Objective An: It is tied in with actualizing an appropriate PDA in any case GPS use in the profitability work upon truck armada inside first quarter of end of the budgetary year 2012. Objective B: It is tied in with Implementing one individual for each truck approach using ongoing lift doors inside first quarter of 2012 budgetary year Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers 2.Report On The Change Needs For The Fast Track Examination of hierarchical targets to recognize change requirements for the Fast Track Couriers: Recognize change objectives Objective A really is fundamental for the businesstowards guaranteeing that the firm achieves all its operational just as vital points and objectives. The firm targets improving its market reach and needs to grow to a few areas where it doesn't exists till date. This will require the firm to create it innovatively with the goal that it gets fit for giving an intense rivalry to its rivals. Additionally innovative upgrade will assist the firm with attaining better piece of the overall industry. Additionally this will empower the firm to follow its conveyance people and contact them on time when required and if there should be an occurrence of crises it may end up being a lot of gainful for the firm. Objective B is additionally basic to the business toand it is required as the firm organization gives information and data with respect to the systems and arrangements strategies by means of a recorded manual which are really held in each truck like worker manual. This can be caused progressed and workers will to feel increasingly created and upgraded mechanically through this framework. One individual for every truck framework will likewise guarantee ideal utilization of the human asset just as appropriate use of every single other asset so as to make the creation of the firm extra productive and viable. The computerization of the doors will help the drivers just as they will never again be required to lift the entryways physically. This will alsomotivate the drivers and causes them to feel that the firm even ponders the issues being looked by the drivers (Bowman and Jarrett, 1996). Who: The objective An of the firm which is about execution of a GPS framework for following the trucks so as to upgrade conveyance time and framework will straightforwardly affect the truck drivers. Likewise different representatives of the firm like nearby conveyance staffs, stacking and emptying laborers and even the center level administrators will be influenced by the execution of this framework. How: These progressions will be expected to get executed cautiously and will require a huge parcel of concern. In the event that any firm isn't preferring and not prepared to grasp modifications and changes then that firm will endure over the long haul. The staffs in achievement procedure of both the objectives will be provided an appropriate preparing which will assist them with knowing and better comprehend the progressions and make it simple for them to adjust such changes. The administration division will require a few specialists for preparing the staffs who might flexibly the information on the new innovation and furthermore urge the staffs to utilize novel advancements as time passes which will help them as an individual and furthermore the firm on an entirety. At the point when: The progressions will be executed by end of July 2011 and the outcomes are to be assessed toward the finish of budgetary year 2012. 4. Change Goals Related To Firms Strategic Goals Vital GOALS RELATED CHANGE GOALS To develop just as extend the business in metropolitan areas The objective A which is about usage of GPS will assist the firm with becoming exceptionally quick and extra proficient in its procedures of conveyance and supplies. This will cause the firm to achieve additional piece of the pie and along these lines grow its market To convey little in addition to medium bundles and upgrade the piece of the pie by 7.5%. The improvement of piece of the overall industry will require all the more mechanically created framework which will enable the firm to develop to an ever increasing extent. To grow appropriately incorporated loom towards the board of dissemination utilizing the innovation GPS will incorporate the administration with the dissemination staffs and the businesses will have the option to find the trucks. To make and keep up extremely strong just as very much disturbed workforce The truck passes through robotized door framework will be caused to feel that the firm thinks about what hard work they do physically, this will inspire them to incredible degree. 5. Money saving advantage Analysis Change prerequisite The change will incorporate numerous new individuals that is a few novel representatives will be selected which will bring about extraordinary expense for the firm. The principle financial plan for the actualizing of this change methodology will reject the expense of novel trucks, innovation just as lift entryways and even lost efficiency beginning truckers is some $25,000. Yet, this will be useful as it is required to develop the piece of the overall industry of the firm by some 7.5% and even the advantage is relied upon to be a few (By and Macleod, 2009) Cost of changes-The principle financial plan for the executing of this change system will avoid the expense of novel trucks, innovation just as lift doors and even lost efficiency starting truckers is some $25,000. Likewise the change will require consideration of nearly 8 novel trucks for improving the conveyance patter and diminishing the conveyance time just as this will likewise bring about expense for the firm as purchasing truck will require overwhelming venture. However this will have additional preferred position on the firm. Little dissemination outlets will be additionally be situated at the Maitland and Goulburn, Nowra just as Bathurst and furthermore every one of them will be kept an eye on by around two staffs inside next 8 months. This will likewise incorporate movement of certain staffs or enlistment of new representatives which again would bring about expense for the firm. In any event, working of new center points will get cost for the association. In any case, throu gh this Fast Track will finish some 20% of the conveyances towards the local areas inside next 3 years, this will assist the firm with attaining what it has arranged and along these lines the entire cost will be recaptured back by the firm. Dangers There is a few dangers related with the organizations speculations just as changes. They are: 1. In past it was seen that the representatives extraordinarily truck drivers include not acknowledged changes inside the firm and has functioned as obstacle for the execution of the change. This may be a case in this circumstance as well.2. There is immense venture and consideration of cash during the time spent execution of this change, in the event that change doesn't works appropriately and is a disappointment, at that point the firm should endure a tremendous loss of both money related just as human resources.3. Some old workers who probably won't acknowledge the change may will in general get de-propelled and furthermore may leave the firm Potential advantages of each change- Execution of GPS may improve the firm mechanically The GPS framework will assist the firm with tracking its staffs unequaled and handle them all the more properly. The usage of the eight new trucks will get additional proficiency for the firm and will upgrade its conveyance procedure. Usage of an arrangement of one individual for every truck will cause numerous different staffs to feel free as the door framework will be made robotized Drivers may feel loose as they won't need to stack and empty the bundles physically through mechanization of the door Workers may feel extra glad and persuaded. Appraisal of advantages all against costs in addition to dangers CHANGE COST Hazard Advantage Execution of GPS framework Drivers may feel that administration is meddling in the process they convey the transfers The redundancy of past outcomes which was about rejection of the progressions by the staffs Mechanically progression of the firm The firm may turn out to be extra skillful in the market The firm may appropriately perceive the extraordinary exhibition of the staffs Getting new trucks Need new trucks will bring about expense to somewhere in the range of 5000000 Quick Track will have the option to finish some 20% of the conveyances to all the territorial areas inside next 3 years. The firm will have the option to improve its conveyance ability Better market reach One driver for each truck change Wages and pay rates that will be paid to every single new enrollment Computerization of door will acquire cost for innovation usage Drivers probably won't acknowledge the change completely Drivers may feel discontent with the choice Most efficient utilization of the assets to wrap advertise necessities and prerequisites Decreased necessity for employing outside truckers Decreased likelihood of the lifting injury Source: (Carnall, 2001) Classified changes- 1. Structural:The firm is endeavoring and thinking that its fundamental to upgrade structure of firm because of certain impacts from the outer condition. These basic changes will include chain of command of the position, objectives and furthermore basic qualities just as authoritative strategies, in addition to the administration plot. Practically the entirety of the adjustments in the firm is the manner by which First flight will deal with the falls under classification of the basic change. 2. Process oriented:The firm needs to reengineer the procedures to achieve ideal work process just as profitability. This Process⠐tilting change will be identified with the organizations conveyance process in any case the manner by which the firm will amass every one of its systems and items in any case

How Prosecutor shape justice - 1650 Words

How Prosecutor shape justice (Term Paper Sample) Content: The parties involved and the criminal justice pre-trial procedure Name: Institution: Date: Introduction Any criminal justice system comprises of a series of processes before it's subjected to a full trial. This include investigations and arrest by the police, the charging and plea bargaining procedure by the prosecutor and the indictment by the grand juries (Worrall, 2007). In this respect the prosecutor is the only player who is entrusted by the government to ensure that law is enforced and justice is administered (Siege, 2012). The prosecutor has at his/her disposal heightened authority to determine whether the charged criminal face a full trial or not. To add to this, he/she is also mandated to carry out a plea bargaining process which determines the path a case follows. He/she does this through the immense uncontrolled powers bestowed upon him/her especially the power of discretion which he/she exercises to his/her will (Davis, (2001). These raise the question of credibility for a criminal case. Can justice really prevail if the prosecutor is influenced by other factors like political, personal or otherwise when deciding whether to charge or not? The responsibilities of the prosecutor in the criminal justice process The core role of a prosecutor is to decide whether or not to prosecute the criminal and also to file charges. The prosecutorial discretion allows him/her to decide solely based on the evidence presented to him by the police. Indeed he is the anchor of the entire criminal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ship'. To start with, the prosecutor has two special responsibilities bestowed by the state which include the charging decision power and the plea bargaining powers (Worrall, 2007). As a result of these responsibilities he relies on evidence and information given by the police to decide whether to prosecute the accused or not as long as long as he/she feels that there is substantial evidence to prove that the defendant committed a crime (Siegel, 2007). Subsequently upon filing charges, the prosecutor uses at his/her disposal the plea bargaining powers to reduce or drop some charges, lessen some sentences of the charges in the exchange of pleading guilty offer of not contesting on the side of the defendant, in addition the prosecutor determines which charges to file, whether to drop the case or not and the punishment for those charges according to the law (Siegel, 2012). It is at this stage that the prosecutor again solely decides to engage a defense attorney with the hope of reaching the above charge agreements that prevents a full trial of the case to occur. This means that the prosecutor along with the defense lawyer can easily dispose a case if they reach a workable agreement, a move which can be detrimental to administration of justice (Vollenberg, 1981). In this respect, justice rest on the hands of the prosecutor who decides without limitation of powers the direction a case takes (Worrall, 2007). However, if a felony has been committed and the prosecutor has enough evidence, he/she proceed to engage a grand jury who determined whether or not to indict the defendant. In his jurisdiction the prosecutor present the evidence before the grand jury either in writing or by engaging the subpoenas to present their testimonies (Worrall, J. 2007). The role of the grand jury A grand jury is comprised of 23 jurors who determine whether the case presented by the prosecutor in line with the evidence deserves an indictment. However this move may only serve to formalize the prosecutor's recommendations as the grand jury relies so much on the information presented by the prosecutor. Instead of merely accepting the prosecutors evidence a grand jury is mandated to carry out further investigations to substantiate the credibility of indictment. It does this through asking the witness to testify before the jurors and also fathers more evidence which guides their decision. (Worrall, J. 2007). This investigative process by the grand jury is very paramount especially when the case is of public interest and careful decisions must be made. Unfortunately, the prosecutor is the legal advisor of most grand juries, a move that deter any amendments to be made in to the criminal cases (Worrall, 2007). There are also strict regulations during grand juries proceedings, prohibits the defense attorney and the defendant to participate, further they are not informed when it is taking place and they can't therefore justify themselves and only accepts the decision of the grand jury, whether fair or not . This move only reinforces the prosecutors view in charging the criminal case; the only key player allowed is only the witnesses of the case. Grand juries are usually private and very discreet affairs sand out of bound by the public (Siegel, 2012). The secretive nature is engineered to safeguard the whole process ...

How to Handle Your Feelings Anger as an Antagonist in the Ramayana - Literature Essay Samples

Negative emotions such as despair, disappointment, fury, bitterness are very impactful on one’s life and actions; at times, such sentiments can drive one away from the right path. The complexity of feelings is accountable for the depth and dimension of a being. One of the reasons why the Indian epic the Ramayana has such profound layers is the emotional development of its characters. The flow of the story paints the perspectives of each character, good or bad, through multiple lenses. The demons, Rakshasas, may appear to be the main antagonists of Rama in the Ramayana, but negative emotions are the true fatal enemies within each characters, no matter whether men or animals. In this epic, anger is a negative emotion that can destroy a person’s life with its immediate, horrifying consequences. When the evil Manthara fuels the Ayodhya queen Kaikeyi with hatred, and when she shows her rage; â€Å"Kaikeyi ran to the palace anger-room, slammed the door and locked it behind her. She broke off her strands of pearls. [] I want to die!† (Buck, 68). This moment of fury leads her to the inescapable hole of misery and misfortune. Shortly after, her beloved husband Dasaratha passes away due to tremendous grief, caused directly by her decision to exile Rama. However, the most painful results that Kaikeyi has to suffer is the denial of her son Bharata and the death of her husband Dasaratha. The queen does everything in her power to make Bharata king, but he does not accept the throne. Contrary to her imagination, Bharata disagrees with his mother’s actions, calling them â€Å"hateful† and telling her that she is â€Å"like a deer lured into a snare by a sweet song† (114, 115). He does not appreciate what Kaikeyi considers â€Å"efforts† and â€Å"good intentions† to him. One who causes destruction to another must receive the same result. She is deeply wounded by her son’s words, just as how Dasaratha suffers immense depression because of hers. Similar to Kaikeyi, Surpanakha’s rage leads to a terrible result. When Ravana’s sister fails to seduce Rama, her anger leads to an outburst, in which â€Å"she rushed at Sita, and held out before her her claws curved like elephant hooks† (157). Her intentions to harm Sita ultimately result in Lakshmana’s anger and cause him to cut off her ears. Her will to hurt Sita, in a moment of burning fury, causes her own wounds. Her brother, the demon king Ravana, also makes the same mistake. When Ravana and Time hold a conversation, the Rakshasa lord lets fury take over him and insults Time: â€Å"You little liar! [] And whatever you give you steal back, by fraud, from hiding, when you’re not watched† (337). Time and Death are the most powerful entities known, but Ravana, in his moment of anger, dares to humiliate Time. When Kala goes on, Ravana loses his patience and â€Å"made ready to seize Time and crush him with his steely strength† (339). Similar to Kaikeyi and Surpanakha, his anger catches him and his insult backfires. Not long after, he faces his doom, in his own ignorance and isolation. Thus, fury is a catastrophic negative emotion that has the ability to cause devastation within a very short amount of time. Anger is not the only negative feeling that exists in Ramayana. Lust plays an important role in the epic as well. Its consequences are shown most clearly through Ravana’s actions and his life. Ravana is a role model for a lecherous lifestyle. He is so lustful that he steals women who are happily married, ultimately leading to Nalakubara’s curse after he rapes his wife: â€Å"Ravana, when you next attack a woman who won’t have you, your ten heads will burst!† (180). This curse stops the king from conducting wrongdoings towards women and preventing him from stepping into his own doom. But lust is a lethal foe of all beings and even the mighty Ravana cannot escape his fate. The feeling that Ravana has towards Sita, which he calls â€Å"love†, is in fact another appearance of lust. It covers his eyes, lures him from his path to Dharma and ultimate happiness and pushes him to the edge of doom. Because of lust, the Rakshasa king abducts Sita and indirectl y causes his loved ones, even his brother and his own son, to die. Lust is the basis of the stubbornness in Ravana’s actions when he neglects the truthful advice from others. Regardless of Kumbhakarna’s warning â€Å"A King is the roof his people’s happiness, and if he is wrong their lives are in danger and their nation will die† (301) or Indrajit’s wisdom â€Å"You took Death on your lap the day you stole Sita, and Death have you courted all this time† (318), he insists on killing Rama and seizing Sita. He ignores the well-being of his people and even himself, just because lust deceives him. He has to undergo the sorrow of loss, exactly as Rama feels when he took Sita away. Even though the consequences that desire brings are not as swift as rage, their impact is much worse. In the end, the demon king dies at the hand of Rama, the man whose wife he steals. While the appearance of lust seems to be beautiful, as what Ravana calls â€Å"loveâ € , it is a deadly enemy that slowly crushes one to death. While anger and lust lead to actions that are controllable, grief — another destructive negative emotion, is a reaction and the greatest suffering that is unstoppable and inevitable. Dasaratha, once the mighty king of Ayodhya, suffers an agonizing depression due to his son’s departure. When Rama goes to visit his father before his great journey of fourteen years, he finds Dasaratha who â€Å"shut the wine-vault doors and locked them closed and barred them; [] he sat not in a palace but in a death-waiting house; he was a pilgrim come to die at some holy place in one of the little stone-built rooms† (77). His actions show how destructive grief can be. He abandons his status and hope, just waiting for death to claim him. Grief transforms him from a wise king to a hopeless man and takes away all his hopes and joy. The heartbreak ends Dasaratha’s time on Earth and death approaches him, shortly after Rama is exiled. However, grief is not identical to anger or lu st. While rage and lust are the roots of sin and often expressed by an action of one on another, grief is a reaction that usually only has impact on oneself rather than others. This difference makes the emotion unique and reveals a hidden aspect: if one can get over the agony of grief and let go of vengeance and bitterness, they can achieve happiness and peacefulness, according to their definitions. Sita is one character who is a victim of grief, but later successfully overcomes it. When Indrajit, the master of illusions, creates a false death of Rama, it causes Sita such sorrow that she decides to die: â€Å"She quietly opened her hand, and let life slip and fall away through her fingers† (286). Grief is so devastating that it can take away her life if Rama no longer exists. Her patience and willingness to continue is barely clinging onto her hope in her reunion with Rama. However, at the end of the epic, Sita finally lets go of her sorrow and becomes independent from grief. Even though Rama is still alive, she decides to return to her mother’s arms, indicating that she no longer relies on her husband. Rama is also a role model in his ability to prevent himself from falling into the hands of grief. Sita’s departure from his life at the end of the Ramayana certainly affects him, but he does not let it take over him:†[] I will never meet Sita again as a man.† Rama sighed, and still he was smiling† (417). His smile shows his acceptance of the event. Indeed, he cannot eliminate grief completely, but he does not fight it either. He makes peace with grief and stays calm. In the end, Rama receives his long, deserving rest from life and reunites with Lakshmi in Heaven, after transforming back into Narayana. Therefore, even though grief is devastating, if one can overcome sorrow without harming others, he or she will be able to find joy and wishes fulfilled. Negative feelings are the main factors that lead to the ruin of Ramayana characters. While anger and lust cause the immediate destruction of one when they do harm to others, grief acts as a challenge that test if one has the ability to seize happiness. Emotions are the biggest obstacles to stop a person from obtaining their goal, thus it is important to stay aware and conscious of our own actions. If one survive the impact of feelings, he or she can achieve the â€Å"everlasting Dharma wheel and truly set it turning†, an achievement tantamount to ultimate joy and happiness, as well as freedom from desires and needs. Works Cited Buck, William, translator. Ramayana. University of California Press, 1976.

Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay - 1567 Words

Amy Tan’s â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† is a novel written in various short stories between four immigrant Chinese mothers and their four Chinese-American born daughters. The mother’s represent their heritage, tradition, culture, and native tongue. Their daughters; however embody America and its culture, along with language. Each mother and daughter share the emotional feeling of cultural separation between themselves and their relationship with each other. With their cross-cultural relationship, the daughters are at a stance with their mother, her upbringing, and wisdom. Through the mother’s stories, Amy Tan convey’s cross-cultural relationships amongst the mothers’ and daughters through symbolism and anecdotes. By facing disadvantages each mother learns to become strong through their own struggle and have become protective of their daughters from pain that they had endured in China. Although, with the daughters being brought up in a cross-cultu ral environment, primarily American culture, they ironically mistake their mother s’ guidance and love as judgement. They feel pressured and criticized by their mothers and correlate it as an inability to understand the American Culture. Lindo and Waverly have built a relationship upon Lindo’s high hopes for her daughter and wanting to ensure the best of both worlds for her. After seeing how talented Waverly was at chess, Lindo’s pride ignored her daughter’s wishes as she moved through tournaments, while Waverly viewed her mother’s prideShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1097 Words   |  5 PagesCulture defines humanity. Culture makes humans different than any other living organism ever known. Culture is what makes humans unique, and yet culture is easily the most misunderstood characteristic of individuals. In Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan develops the theme of incomplete cultural understanding leads to an inability to comm unicate one’s true intentions through juxtaposition and conflict between mothers and daughters and their cultures. The conflicting Chinese culture of the mothers’Read MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club890 Words   |  4 PagesLena and Ying-Ying from Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club both face injustice in their patriarchal relationships, just as Mariam and Laila from A Thousand Splendid Suns, however on very different terms. Lena, like Amir and Laila, struggles with confrontation and complete deference of others. However, under the influence of her mother, Lena realizes the problematic recurrences in relationship with her husband. Ying-Ying, aware of her daughters submissiveness, must lead Lena to intervention to confront herselfRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1385 Words   |  6 Pages Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Mona A. M. Ahmed Zagazig University, Egypt The purpose of this paper is to investigate pluralism, acculturation and assimilation in Amy Tan s novel The Joy Luck Club (1989), a finalist for the National Award, and a recipient of the 1990 Bay Area Book Reviewers award for fiction. Amy Tan (1952- ) is a Chinese American novelist; she is the daughter of John Tan, a Chinese electricalRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesRebecca Nemmers American Minority Writers Professor Czer September 12, 2016 Mother Knows Best Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club is a well-known novel that discusses the difficulties that Chinese American immigrants face especially in the second generation. This novel specifically focuses in on the stories of the mothers and their daughters, their sufferings and triumphs. Due to both the generational and cultural differences between the mothers and daughters are extreme and these differences cause theirRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1023 Words   |  5 Pagesand other scholars’ articles, a diasporic and often considered as postcolonial discourses- Amy Tan’s debut novel The Joy Luck Club comes to my mind. Amy Tan, as one of the renowned contemporary Chinese American writers, and also as one of the daughters of the immigrants herself, writes several novels revealing situations and reflecting problems faced by the Chinese diaspora in America. Although The Joy Luck Club has been published for more than two decades, the stories inside are still going on in Chi neseRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1028 Words   |  5 PagesIn Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, Waverly Jong is a dynamic character who shows her arrogance, selfishness and insecurities as the story progresses. On the first letter of Waverly’s name, W, sits a Mink, which symbolizes her desire for her mother’s approval. Throughout the novel, Waverly avoids Lindo’s criticism and fears her mother will not agree with her choices. This is evident in â€Å"Four Directions† when Waverly shows her mother the mink coat Rich bought her and Lindo responds, â€Å"This is no good†¦Read MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1637 Words   |  7 Pagessame time† (Goreski). Amy Tan, an author of numerous novels, understands the battle of relationships, especially between culturally diverse mothers and daughters. In one of Tan’s novels, The Joy Luck Club, she writes to get the point across of how difficult it is for contrasting cultures to communicate with one another, â€Å"...out of an intense concern with the individual artistic choices she was making at every level and at every moment† (Evans 3). The passionate message Tan stresses in the novelRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells the story of four Chinese mothers and their American daughters. Throughout the book, Tan talks about the mothers and the life they had in china, the relationship between their mothers, and why they moved to America. She also writes about the daughters who were born and raised in America and their relationship with their mothers. In addition, she talks about the cultural differences between the Chinese mothers and the Chinese-American daughters. Joy Luck Club is oneRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club986 Words   |  4 Pageshope. How to laugh forever†, Amy Tan wrote in The Joy Luck Club. This powerful quote not only exhibits the mindset that Amy has formed over the years, but also how various lessons has shaped her inner-being. Overcoming a past were all the odds were against her, even her mother, leaves Tan’s story worth being heard. Amy’s mixed heritage made adapting to the free life of America from an authoritarian Chinese parenting style difficult. The pivotal moment that altered Amy Tan’s life the most was breakingRead MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesLauren Lee 11 September 2016 English 203H 1st Period 3 paragraphs â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† Journey of the Swan In Amy Tan’s story â€Å"The Joy Luck Club,† Jing-mei recalls the struggles she is burdened by in not understanding the extensive sacrifices her mother made and the guilt she carries of never living to be her mother’s swan. For the majority of her life, June has battled with the tedious thoughts of why her mother never seemed content with her. â€Å"Auntie Lin and my mother were both best friends and

The Stages Of Clinical Reasoning - 1149 Words

Clinical reasoning can be defined as, ‘the process by which nurses (and other clinicians) collect cues, process the information, come to an understanding of a patient’s problem or situation, plan and implement interventions, evaluate outcomes and reflect on and learn from the process’ (Levett-Jones Hoffman 2013, p.4). It requires health professionals to be able to think critically and ensures better engagement and results for the patient (Tanner 2006, p.209). The Quality in Australian Healthcare Study (Wilson 1995, p.460) discovered that ‘cognitive failure’ resulted in approximately 57% of unfavourable clinical events involving the failure to produce and act correctly on clinical information. It also recognises that often nurse’s preconceptions and assumptions can greatly affect patient care and by going through such a process, one can take into account the holistic nature of the patient and provide the best, most appropriate care. Process Information The third stage in the clinical reasoning cycle is process information. This involves the gathering of signs and indications and the recognition of patterns (Levett-Jones Hoffman 2013 p.5). It is also when one can begin to form hypotheses and predict potential outcomes. In regards to Mrs Checkett’s case, there are many cues that need to be taken into consideration in order to best care for her. According to Chester and Rudolph (2012, p.2), vital signs in the elderly change due to the reduction of function of homeostaticShow MoreRelatedMajor Concepts And Definitions : Benners Stages Of Clinical Competence1488 Words   |  6 PagesMajor Concepts and Definitions Benner s stages of clinical competence consist of five stages ranging from novice to expert. This model is the framework for not only understanding the needs of a nurse at various levels but also what the nurse at a particular stage has to offer to peers. In stage one the novice nurse is typically a nursing student or a nurse that has been moved to a new discipline. They are unable to predict status changes and are unaware of interventions without an experiencedRead MoreClical Reasoning as Described by Neistdadt1819 Words   |  7 PagesAccoIntroduction The aim of this essay is to explore the Clinical reasoning thinking frame as described by Neistadt (1996). Clinical reasoning is a set of skill performed by occupational therapists which are central to practice and involved throughout the Occupational therapy process (Neistadt, 1996, AOTA, 2008). This will be done in relation to our case study of which the protagonist is Hugh, a 70 year old widower and retired baker, who was managing well an episode of depression but has recentlyRead MoreEarly Life Experiences Impact The Person Across Their Lifespan930 Words   |  4 Pageslifespan† is conveyed in the Jane Piaget theory ‘Stages of cognitive development’ (1936) and Erik Erikson theory ‘Psychosocial stages’ (1950). Piaget argued that children develop knowledge by constructing their experience and observe with their own ideas about how the thing works.(Burton, L.J., Westen, d. Kowalski, R.M. 2015) He developed 4 stages of his theory: Sensorimotor Stage , Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage. At the same time, Erik Erikson proposed aRead MoreJean Piagets Theory Of Childhood Psychology1106 Words   |  5 Pagessomething, you forever take away his chance of discovering it for himself.† These words were articulated by one of the most influential figures in the area of childhood intelligence, specifically developmental psychology. Jean Piaget was a Swiss clinical psychologist who is well known for his work pertaining to child development. Similar to Freud and Skinner, Piaget believed in order to understand human behavior, you have to start with understanding how children function, grow and learn. Piaget spentRead MoreEvaluation Of The Clinical Decision Making Process1292 Words   |  6 PagesClinical reasoning can be best described by the process of collecting indications, processing, understand the problem or situation, plan and implement interventions, asses outcomes and learn reflect on the whole process (del Bueno, 2005). Positive outcomes of this process can be determined by an individual’s preconceptions, attitude, perspective and willingness (mentally and physically) (McCarthy, 2003). In a report by the clinical excellence commission of NSW Health they conclude that there areRead MoreFda s Drug Approval Process : History, Pre Market, And Post Market1208 Words   |  5 Pages III. Pre-Clinical Stage: Drug Sponsor’s Discovery and Screening My report will be describing the process for a new drug to be released on the market. However, the approval process begins before the Food and Drug Administration’s involvement, therefore, before the drug manufacturer’s can submit an Investigational New Drug Application, do clinical trials, submit a New Drug Application, and be FDA reviewed; they must develop a drug first. This is generally called the pre-clinical stage. By pre-clinicalRead MoreImportance Of Theory : Smith Parker1544 Words   |  7 Pagestheories: an overview, 2012). Nursing research generates nursing theory via two methods; deductive and/or inductive reasoning (Nursing theories: an overview, 2012). Deductive reasoning begins with a theory and through observation and collection of data a hypothesis is formed which either strengthens or weakens the original theory (Deduction induction, 2006). Whereas, inductive reasoning is open-ended, begins with specific observations that form patterns, leads to a tentative hypothesis and eventualRead More Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesof Chicago. After graduation, he began working on his graduate coursework, thinking he would be a clinical psychologist. Instead, he became interested in the works of American philosopher John Dewey, as well as, a Swiss psychologist named Jean Piaget. This interest in their work, lead Lawrence to issuing his doctoral dissertation, which explained his theory of the development of moral reasoning. This was dependent on Dewey’s and Piaget’s way of thinking.) Lawrence not only taught at the UniversityRead MoreTaking a Look at Lawrence Kohlbergs Studies1122 Words   |  5 Pagescause, helping to bring Jewish refugees through the British blockade. In 1948 he attended the University of Chicago and obtained his BA in one year due to his excellent scores on the entrance examination. He was going to school to study to become a clinical psychologist. While in the process he came across the work of Jean Piaget’s moral development. This caught Kohlber’s interest and Kohlberg himself began to look into moral development. He began to interview children and adolescents on moral situationsRead MoreThe Stages and Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stages and Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disease with many different stages that slows one’s lifestyle and has no real cure. Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. The disease first appears around the age of sixty. Studies have concluded that as many as 5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease. A person with Alzheimer’s loses connections between neurons in the brain (1). Scientists do not know exactly what causes Alzheimer’s, but

Managers and Performance Evaluations Ethical Dilemmas

Managers and Performance Evaluations: Ethical Dilemmas Performance evaluations serve the purpose to enlighten subordinates about what they should be doing better or differently, (Culbert, 2012). However, they can often become problematic and raise serious ethical issues that would threaten the well being of the employee, manager, and company in general. There are several ethical issues which can present themselves in performance reviews which can be even further augmented by social issues going on outside the context of the company, and such ethical dilemmas can have a serious impact on the health and productivity of contemporary businesses working within an ever-increasing competitive environment. The issue of imposing a managers supremacy over the employee can become a major ethical issue. Essentially, performance reviews can often be seen as intimidation aimed at preserving the boss authority and power advantage (Culbert, 2012). The authority figure of the manager can often be abused, causing the employees to suffer at the hands of individuals who are over-reaching their power within the workplace. This is an ethical issue because it is allowing for a growing animosity and discrimination against employees based on the power-hungry bias some managers may exhibit. In addition, the single mind of the boss then takes authority over a wide plethora of individual employees with a variety of personal characteristics and traits. Essentially, this places the person inShow MoreRelatedEthical Performance Evaluations1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Performance Evaluations Organizations have a commitment to employees to provide an evaluation based on performance that is being performed the position held. Managers include the aspects of responsibilities, strengths, and weaknesses of performance that are presented on a daily basis by an employee. Managers face moral and ethical issues that require critical decisions to be made. Using ethically responsible management practices and facing social issues during performance evaluationsRead MoreEvaluation Of A Employee Performance Appraisal909 Words   |  4 PagesManagers have always had to make tough decisions in the workplace, but one of the most challenging aspects of their job is the employee performance appraisals. Evaluating an employees’ performance, if done right, will be an objective as possible process. However, the naturally subjective aspects of the evaluation process are what pose many ethical dilemmas. This process customarily comprises of giving constructive feedback to an employee s o that they are better able to improve their job performanceRead MoreEthical Principles1475 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Ethical Principles in The Evaluation The term ‘ethical’, as I have come to apprehend it, is not just conforming to putative standards of conduct, but dealing with what is good or bad and with moral duty and obligation. Thomas A. Schwandt, a professor at the University of Illinois, notes that â€Å"while we can live in a world without standards and guidelines, we cannot live in a world without ethics.† Although, standards and guidelines have become prominent and are important guides inRead MoreSample Resume : Publix Bakery Department Manager1271 Words   |  6 PagesCrow Title: Publix Bakery Department Manager Education background: Degree in Graphic Design from Auburn University – Montgomery (AUM) Management Experience: One year as Assistant Bakery Manager recently promoted to Department Manager Tasks and responsibilities: Manage associates, make sure customers are taken care of, manage sales and inventory, and make sure to keep a clean food safety department. 1. Were you intentional about wanting to become a manager? â€Å"Yes. I started as a baker in 2011Read MoreEthical And Ethical Decision Making1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe modern manager should tick a variety of boxes when it comes to skills they possess and while some are considered more important than others, ethical decision making is a skill that has become increasingly pivotal. Jones states that a ‘moral issue is present where a person’s action, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others’ and defines ‘an ethical decision is a decision that is both legally and morally acceptable to the larger community’ (1991, p. 387). In order to create a company wideRead MoreEthical Dilemmas in Workplace1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Workplace Personal values may conflict with ethical decision making if those personal values are different than the organizational norms of the business or institution. Constructing, and maintaining personal ethics in the workplace rests with the individual, and how willing he or she is in assimilating to the evolving cultural dynamic of the corporate world. Many times a person find their personal, cultural and/or organizational ethics conflicting and must reconcile a course ofRead MoreRodolfo Furniture Store Budget Analysis Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesas to the direction the entity would like to go. Erroneous decisions can lead to bad decisions that may end up in losses for the company. Rodolfo Furniture is on the verge of making a shift from a furniture maker to distributer. Yet only if the ethical accounting practices have been place into the production of the analysis; can Rodolfo Furniture decide on its future. Budgeting: Risks Associated with Sales Forecast The preparation of the usually begins with a sales forecast. The sales forecastRead MoreEssay on Managerial Ethics1603 Words   |  7 Pagespaced business world many managers face tough decisions when walking the thin line between what’s legal and what’s socially unacceptable. It is becoming more and more important for organisations to consider many more factors, especially ethically, other than maximising profits in order to be more competitive or even survive in today’s business arena. The first part of this essay will discuss managerial ethics[1] and the relevant concepts and theories that affect ethical decision making, such as theRead MoreToyotas Ethical Issues Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagesissues in automotive industry resulted from a lack of moral and ethical obligations to loyal customers. In fact, people encounter ethics at one time or another. A business expectation is to act in manner upholding society values. According to authors Trevino and Nelso n, (2004) states, â€Å"a set of moral principals or values, or the principals, norm, and standards of conduct governing a group or individual.† On the other hand, three ethical criteria determined in this discussion like obligation, moralRead MoreProfessional Ethics Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesCh 4: Professional Ethics 4-28 Cases a. This presents an ethical dilemma for Barbara, because she is faced with the decision as to what actions or behavior would be appropriate for this situation. Barbara’s ethical dilemma necessitates deciding whether she should communicate her findings to the client for adjustments or to disregard them as instructed by Jack. b. Six-Step Approach: 1. | Relevant Facts: | | * The accounting firm for which both Barbara Whitley and Jack

World Geography Level South Africa - 1599 Words

Darin Colarusso Ms. Higgins World Geography Level 1 18 December 2014 South Africa South Africa is the future of Africa. They are undisputedly the economic, academic, and scientific leaders of that continent. They are the country that takes that first giant leap forward to a better life in Africa. South Africa is not like most of the other countries of Africa for many reasons. They are ahead of the game pretty much at any aspect. Even though they have major problems, they still are undoubtedly the line leaders of a broken continent. You may or may not know where exactly South Africa lies, but you would probably make the assumption it is in the southern portion of Africa. Countries that border South Africa are Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe,†¦show more content†¦South Africa’s culture as a whole has a lot to do with family. The families may be different in skin color, but the value is all the same. â€Å"The basic unit of South African society is the family, which includes the nuclear family and the extended family or tribe. In traditional African society, the tribe is the most important community as it is the equivalent of a nation. The tribe provides both emotional and financial security in much the same way the nuclear family does to white or coloured South Africans. The coloured and more traditional Afrikaans cultures consider their extended family to be almost as important as their nuclear family, while the English-speaking white community places more emphasis on the nuclear family. People in cities live a fast life while outside not as fast. Rural black communities still rooted to traditions. Non rural have mixed the ties with traditional and modern ways. People from Cape Town are very proud of their city, and often appear to have a superior attitude about their city versus the rest of the country. Family ties, long-term friendships and social standing are all important to Capetonians.† ( Kwissential ) As said before the country of South Africa is a very diverse country. There are many races and religions practiced there. There is a total of at least 5 different races in South Africa. Those races include african, white, colored, indian/asian, and other. In total, 51,770,560

How MTV Maintains Its Dominance Essay Example For Students

How MTV Maintains Its Dominance Essay Music Television, a basic cable service known by its acronym MTV, remains the dominant music video outlet utilizing effective marketing and competitive business practices throughout its nineteen year history. The creation of the I Want My MTV marketing campaign and use of the campaign throughout the 1980s helped the cable outlet secure a substantial subscriber base. MTV dealt with competition from cable mogul Ted Turners Cable Music Channel by creating a fighting brand, sister cable service VH-1, along with facing challenges by numerous other music video programming services.Through exclusivity agreements with record labels for music videos and limiting access to cable systems owned by MTVs parent company, MTV exercised anticompetitive and monopolistic means to fend off competition. From its launch, MTV successfully applied these marketing and competitive business practices.The board of the Warner AMEX Satellite Entertainment Company (WASEC), a partnership between Warner Communicati ons and American Express, gave approval in mid-January 1981 for the creation of a cable service that would broadcast music videos .Music videos, song length visual depictions used in the promotion of a musical acts latest release, were already popular on European television since the mid 1970s.A deadline of August 1, 1981 was set for the launch of this new cable service as programs featuring music videos were beginning to appear on cable outlets such as Home Box Office and USA Network.The set-up and programming of the entire operation was to be established in approximately six-and-a-half months. Bob Pittman, a WASEC programming executive with a background in radio, wanted to ensure the new music video outlet delivered programming that appealed to its target audience of twelve to thirty-four-year-olds. This age demographic was both desirable and difficult for advertisers to reach as young adults typically did not watch much of what television offered at the time.He determined that, with little exception, the cable service would have no distinguishable programs.Video upon video would be presented by on-air personalities dubbed video jockeys, veejays for short, who would also provide entertainment news and conduct artist interviews.The absence of scheduled programming was, as stated by Tom McGrath in MTV: The Making of a Revolution, a radical notion as regularly scheduled programs were the norm on American television up to this point.Programming the new music video outlet in this manner made it as familiar as format commercial radio, while presenting it using the medium of tele vision, to its young target audience. The name of the new music video cable service began as TV-1, a name that Bob Pittman felt fit the youthful arrogance the channel embraced.With little support for the name from other WASEC executives, an M representing music replaced the 1 in the name. The name eventually evolved into MTV, Music Television. With a name chosen for the new cable outlet, Fred Seibert, the Director of On-Air Promotion, was charged with commissioning a logo for MTV. Manhattan Design, the studio hired by Seibert, eventually developed the logo still used by the channel today: a large block M with a small TV that looks spray painted on. Many in Sales and Marketing at WASEC thought the logo left much to be desired, with one executive asking Seibert if he thought it would endure as long as the CBS eye.Almost two decades later, the MTV logo is arguably one of the most recognizable pop culture icons. A video of the Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star marked the launch of MTV at 12:01 AM August 1, 1981. Jack Banks notes in Monopoly Television: MTVs Quest to Control the Music that at the start, the music video channel was available in 2.1 million homes and was not offered in either New York City or Los Angeles.The absence of MTV from cable systems in these two cities presented several problems for the new cable outlet. The amount of available advertising time sold, only thirty percent at the channels launch, did not seem likely to increase without advertising executives able to see MTV. National media coverage of the new music video channel was also lacking its start-up, with the exception of one reporter from the Los Angeles Times.An effective marketing campaign would be developed in the next several years that would increase customer demand for MTV, increasing the number of subscribers. Creative Writing: The Person Behind The Mask EssayMTV achieved its dominance as a music video outlet utilizing effective marketing and competitive business practices since its inception. The I Want My MTV campaign and use of the campaign throughout the 1980s is one example of the cable outlets use of effective marketing technique. MTVs business strategy ended competition from cable mogul Ted Turners Cable Music Channel through the creation of a fighting brand, along with facing challenges by numerous other music video programming services. Exclusivity agreements with record labels for music videos and by limiting access to cable systems, MTV effectively exercised anticompetitive and monopolistic means to fend off competition. McGrath, Tom. MTV: The Making of a Revolution. (Pennsylvania: Running, 1996), p. 124. Banks, Jack. Monopoly Television: MTVs Quest to Control the Music. (Colorado: Westview, 1996), p.32. McGrath, Tom. MTV: The Making of a Revolution. (Pennsylvania: Running, 1996), p. 47. Banks, Jack. Monopoly Television: MTVs Quest to Control the Music. (Colorado: Westview, 1996), p. 34. McGrath, Tom. MTV: The Making of a Revolution. (Pennsylvania: Running, 1996), p. 62-63. Ted Turner Turns off the Music. The Economist. 8 December 1984: 77. Denisoff, R. Serge. Inside MTV. (New Jersey: Transaction, 1988), p. 155. Bibliography:Banks, Jack. Monopoly Television: MTVs Quest to Control the Music. Colorado: Westview,1996. Denisoff, R. Serge. Inside MTV. New Jersey: Transaction, 1988. McGrath, Tom. MTV: The Making of a Revolution. Pennsylvania: Running, 1996. Ted Turner Turns off the Music. The Economist. 8 December 1984: 77.

Strategic Cost Management Fashion Manufacturing Industry

Question: Describe about the Strategic Cost Management for Fashion Manufacturing Industry. Answer: 1. In the case of a Fashion Manufacturing Industry, the factors are discussed as under, as explained by Gibson Fraser, (2013). Political Political stability of the operational area Governments policies connected with the trade Garment Import / Export policies Economical Global economic impacts Impact of customer demand Impact on Price due to currency fluctuation Social It is a fast changing fashion Every season sees a new consumption pattern Consumers are sensitive to company values Technological Internet is ushering faster technologies 52% of production damages occur during the stitching New production methodologies are emerging Legal Garment industry being a cross-country operation, faces legal challenges from many countries Labour laws vary from country to country Trade Unions with vested interests are unreliable Enovironmental Cotton crops use 2.5% of cultivable land but use 25% of insecticides and 11% of pesticides worldwide Producing 1kg of cotton uses 15 litres of water From production to selling a jean requires 25 litres of oil, as detailed by Gibson Fraser, (2013). In the case of Levi, says Richard (ed.), (2014), the important threats are Cross-country legal implications Currency fluctuations Policies of different governments Domestic entrants in countries where Levi sells Factors affecting the Personal Pair jeans are Change in fashion choice of consumers Competition from cheaper jeans Time factor in producing the pair 2. Profitability per Pair of Levi Jeans Particulars Wholesale Retail Gross Receipt $35 $50 LESS: Markdown $3 $5 Net Receipt $32 $45 COGS Cotton Cost $5 $5 Manufacturing Conversion $5 $5 Distribution Costs $9 $11 Total COGS $19 $21 Gross Margin $13 $24 Selling, General Administrative Costs $9 $19 Profit before Tax $4 $5 3. Levi is trying to enter the field of personal tailoring and for that it plans to make the dependency of its product on three factors, as per Richard (ed.), (2014) The knowledge, experience and judgment of the Sales Clerk managing the kiosk and who is the prime source of information about the customers fitment measures. The interpretation of this fitment measure by the software provided by the CCTC and subsequent selection of the right material and stitching instructions to the manufacturing base. The correct understanding and more important, the accurate implementation of these measures by the individual tailor who will be stitching the pair. All these factors have elements of risk, thereby increasing the chances of creating a pair of tailor-made jeans which eventually are not to the satisfaction of the customer who has ordered. The biggest success factor of tailor-made clothes is that the person who takes the measurements has met the customer physically and knows the customers build. Eventually this makes the garments fitting very accurate, as described by Richard (ed.), (2014). 4. Levi should increase the sale price of the customised jeans by 50% to $75 because of the factors discussed hereunder. The Personal Pair of Jeans which Levi has introduced is a personalised service, which involves the cost of maintaining a specialised cabin for the customer, a Sales Clerk exclusively trained for such customers, a software company to manage the data and a separate section of tailors who will stitch each pair as per the customised measures given. This will increase the production cost, will require more space at the retail outlets and the manufacturing units will have to maintain a separate section for this customised segment, as explained by Moens Jones (ed.), (2013). Based on these estimated factors, the COGS and S, G A will go up by about 30% and another 5% will have to be added for the increased investment on the retail and manufacturing space. Levi has also to take into account the additional cost of 10% which it will be paying to the software company. Another 5% is the anticipated costs related to contingencies, returned orders and taxes, say Moens Jones (ed.), (2013). 5. Profitability per Personal Pair of Levi Jeans Particulars Retail Gross Receipt $75 LESS: Markdown $5 Net Receipt $70 COGS Cotton Cost $5 Manufacturing Conversion $13 Distribution Costs $12 Total COGS $30 Gross Margin $40 Selling, General Administrative Costs $25 Profit before Tax $15 6. Marketing Strategy Objective The foremost objective is that of marketing strategy so as to make the company profitable. For Levi this is important as Levi Jeans has lost out to many a start-up companies and it is important for the company to attract customers. Attracting new customers is possible only if the company becomes known for innovative products and newer marketing strategies in the jeans-market, assert Gibson Fraser, (2013). Positioning Objective The companys marketing strategy is based on innovation, targeting new products and positioning itself to numero uno position. Positioning can be attained by designing a new offering to the customers with an image which can place the company back to its distinctive position in the minds of the large target market. The ultimate goal of the company is to relocate the brand in the minds of those customers who need to be targeted for generating maximised potential benefit for the company, assert Schaffer, Agusti Dhooge, (2014). A better positioning of the companys established brand can help the companys marketing strategy because it will generate a renewed interest in the brand. Target Objective The companys targets can be achieved through this unique way by introducing the new concept of Personal Pair Jeans. For the customers of Levi Jeans, the essence of this new concept will be to emphasize that Levi Jeans are being custom made. It will also send a strong message to the customers that they need not go through the long process of trying several pairs of regular jeans. The customer will be treated uniquely at the companys retail outlet and they can walk-in and order a customised jean of their choice, liking and fitting. As per Schaffer, Agusti Dhooge, (2014), ushering in a new unique experience for the large number of already existing Levi Jeans customers, who have tried the old process of purchasing a pair of jeans, this easiness of getting a customised jeans will definitely bring about an ever changing demand in the market with numerous choices available at the point of sale. The biggest advantage of this Target Positioning Strategy will be that the similarities and diff erences between Levi and its rival brands will be more clearly defined. Levi, with its long market positioning, its dedicated customer base across the globe has the potential to take a decision on the positioning required by determining and identifying the target markets, the competition and the differences and similarities between the rival brands and what Levi can offer, explains Richard (ed.), (2014). Levis Advantage Objective Levi Strauss Co. has commanded a worldwide market dominance during the 80s when it introduced its 501 Product Line. But with profits continuing to nose dive due to a decrease in its product demand and the continuous rise of the competition. During the period from 2000 to 2007, Levis faced the toughest of competition when the competitors were successful in taking away a large portion of Levis market share because of their heavy advertising and branding techniques. The new starters were able to chip away Levis market share because they were able to capture selective segments. Companies such as Calvin Klein were successful in their brand positioning as they were able to target the high-end consumers, as detailed by Richard (ed.), (2014). Levis biggest competitor, VF Corp. decided to purchase Seven For All Mankind as its market entry product. Thus, VF Corp captured the low-end jean customer, whereas Calvin Klein began capturing the high-end customers. In 1996, Levi reported revenues of $7.6 billion and had 18.7% of the U.S. jeans market share. By 2001, the revenues dropped to $4.25 billion and the company had a 12.1% of U.S. jeans market share. Since then, the company has been trying to raise its market share and increase its revenues and this concept of Personal Pair Jeans is the signature campaign of Levis jeans. Forced at re-evaluating itself after years of declining revenues, say Moens Jones (ed.), (2013), Levis is confident that it has been able to find a way of achieving success by introducing this signature campaign on a largescale with streamlining of costs. Levis is sure that it will get help from its international presence and is also confident that the current impact of the global currency exchange market will prove to be beneficial for the company as it shall benefit from the weak dollar. The company is hopeful that it will find a way into the ever increasing and lucrative premium jeans market by introducing this new signature campaign, assert Moens Jones (ed.), (2013). The company has plans to hire famous international stars, artists and personalities to liven up the Levi brand. List of References Gibson, A. and Fraser, D. 2013, Business Law 2014. Pearson Higher Education AU, Frenchs Forest, NSW. Moens, G. and Jones, R. (ed.). 2013, International Trade and Business Law Review, Volume 10. Routledge, Oxon. Richard, T.A. (ed.). 2014, Professional Business Law Essays. Richard TA, New York. Schaffer, R., Agusti, F. and Dhooge, L. 2014, International Business Law and Its Environment, 9th ed. Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT.

Monopolies - A Case Study Essays - Economy, Political Philosophy

Monopolies - A Case Study John Velimirovic Monopolization And Its Implication On A World Scale The monopolization of the capitalist system is at the base, a degradation, not only of the "free-competition" of the capitalistic (bourgeoises) socio-economic order, it is also, the degradation of the working class and, in fact, the respective systems imminent demise. During the Cold War competition between potential monopolist nations, USA, France, Germany, England and Canada was highly minimized and co-operation was (ironically) encouraged to counter the Soviet threat. Today, with the fall of the pseudo-socialist states in the Eastern block and the subsequent degeneration of such states in Asia, cooperation has been deemed unnecessary and a general neo-imperialistic takeover, a rat race if the reader will bear with me, has been instigated. However, it must be understood before the reader continues, the process unravelling before our eyes today, this disaster, is not a recent occurrence. Some economists and political analysts have dated its"birth" to the start of the Russo-Japanese war and the industrialization of the African colonies (imperialism). This being the case, though imperialism is primarily considered a political phenomenon by bourgeoises economists, socialists have cooked deeper into the matter and "unveiled" the economic character of imperialism and it's apparent contradictions (this will be dealt with later, as well as an overview of the historic contradictions, economic intricacies and ethical realities of imperialism. It should also be stated, that the term monopoly, "monopolization" will be dealt with from the left-wing point of view, as "imperialism"). The two prevalent schools of economic thought, the left wing (socialist) and the right wing (libertarian, "laissez fare" capitalists ...), have entirely different view on the matter of monopolization of capital. While the socialist, especially those of the Marxist persuasion (to which the author belongs), claim that the monopolization of capital is the most significant event in the history of capitalism since robotics, the bourgeoises economist refuse to recognize (foolishly), that a change in economic structure has even occurred! The contemporary bourgeoises media refers to the world market and it's expansion. This term is so overused and under analysed that these pseud-master, have managed to use it as a veil, as a euphemism to downplay the historical change, brought about by the fall of the eastern block and the subsequent degeneration of the Asian "peoples' republics". The "expanding world market"or the "world market",on its own, has always existed and expanded to new markets, so the above terms , when applied to the monopolization of the world market by the imperialist nations (see above), is an example of false terminology. The Domestic Consolidation of Capitalist Monopolies The international hegemony of the imperialist nation is impossible on such a grand scale, without the consolidation of the monopolization of capital, within the respective nation itself. The monopolization of capital in a single nation is, even though an important transformation, hardly baffling occurrence. It is, in essence, the domination of a single company (monopoly) or of many companies (oligarchies) over their respective competitions. At such a position, these companies wreck havoc on the market. They enter into special agreements (though they are in theory competitors) to artificially "jack-up" prices and inflate their profit margin at the expense of the consumer. An essential part of the functioning of what leftists term imperialism is the role of the banks without which the monopolization of capital is impossible and anachronistic. The principal role of banks is to serve as middlemen in the making of payments. By managing is such activities, they transform inactive money capital into profit yielding capital as well as placing numerous money revenues at the disposal of the capitalists. As a result, the banks grow, becoming monopolies themselves, obtaining at their disposal not only the profits of the capitalists, but the bulk of their capital as well. Through this process, the powerful banks "take after" the smaller ones and the market is left with a handful of superbanks having at their disposal the wealth of the whole nation. They enter into agreements to self interest rates and government policies basked on the way these banks function. This is incredibly detrimental because the general well being of the nation is confined and restricted to the demands of the money-making process. As a result over 95%of the population who does not control

Sample Bequeathed Essay Answers

Sample Bequeathed Essay AnswersIf you're searching for sample beloved essay answers, then you've come to the right place. You will find a wide variety of favorite topics to write about. There are a lot of topics to choose from, such as sports, animals, the past, and more. All of these can be handled in style if you take the time to pick an appropriate topic to write about.Writing a sample essay can be fun, but it's also important to prepare properly before you start writing. Take the time to figure out what your topic is and what you're going to say. You should have an idea of what to write about in order to make sure you don't forget anything.Sports is a very popular topic to write about. Everyone loves sports, especially when it involves their favorite team or player. If you are writing about someone in the news, there is a good chance that they were born in the same state as you and/or attend your high school or college. Of course, there are other examples of where a person's birt hday might coincide with your own.Write about what are your favorite things to do. Maybe you like to go to the beach, or to a theater, or the movies. For each of these things, write about what makes them so special to you.Sometimes you will find a favorite author or artist. They can inspire you to write something that means a lot to you. Consider looking at the themes from books and films that they have inspired you to follow, even if they don't write about your topic.For a real example, let's say you love the movie 'E.T.' That movie would make a great topic to write about. Also, some favorite books that would be appropriate to write about include 'I, Rooster,' by Willa Cather, 'Portrait of Jennie - A Biography of Life in a Closet,' by S.J. Woodard, or 'Dream Girls: The True Story of the Fabulous Eight,' by Joe Amato.Another favorite is to write about your pets. These can be great to talk about because you get to know your pet very well. There is a special bond that you can form wit h your dog or cat, and you'll find a special fondness for them when you write about them. There are books, such as 'The Dog Whisperer,' written by Paul Bennett, that can help you understand your dog better.It's all about what is important to you and your favorite song. Make sure that you write down some things that you really enjoy, and then put those things into your essay. You might find that it turns out that your passion is writing a loved essay answer!

Essay Sample on China and Its Role in the World

Essay Sample on China and Its Role in the World Dating back to the Qing Dynasty, the popular assumption among the Chinese was that China was the central kingdom and that other countries were, by definition, peripheral, removed from the cultural center of the universe. The Chinese, therefore, showed little interest in precise information or detailed study of foreign countries (Spence, 119). The Qing seemed uninterested in any foreign gains to be made due to this superior view of themselves. The Emperor Qianlong’s approach as mentioned in The First Edict of September 1793 seemed to be, We possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for [other] countries manufacturers (Cheng, 104-106). Emperor Qianlong believed that both China and foreign governments had little to gain though trade. China has long had a policy of isolation from western powers, to the extent that a force of anti-foreign nationalism arose to the forefront for the majority of Chinese modern history. Ethnocentric views of su periority and autarky led their leaders to believe isolation was in their country’s best interest. However, today China has entered a period of modernization and westernization, by no longer excluding the Western influence through political and economic isolation. As a result, China has begun to reap the benefits of Western trade, technology and capitalist ideas now that the force of â€Å"anti-foreign nationalism† has diminished from Chinese thought. Although Qianlong had pursued an economic policy of isolation in the latter half of the 18th century some ports were open to foreign trade during certain periods of the year. During these time periods the Chinese experienced equal trade rights with the West. As a result of the growing demand for Chinese teas, porcelain, silks, and decorative goods in the West, trade began to soar. Accordingly, since the idea of anti-foreign nationalism and ethnocentrism proposed the West had nothing of manufactured value to China, the trade conducted was in exchange for silver. By the 1780’s China was prospering, gaining incredible amounts of wealth from exporting goods such as tea and silk, while importing large amounts of silver. In effect, China had a surplus balance of trade. The west, namely Britain, knew that in order to stop silver from leaving their country they had to find a trading good that China would accept in exchange for the teas, and silks. Britain’s interests in the large areas of India gave way to the production and sale of opium, a cash crop that would, in turn, balance the trade with China as the drug became extremely popular among Chinese citizens. However, in 1813 the Chinese government prohibited the sale and use of opium as they came to realize the harsh effects the drug had on the population, and the hindering effect it posed on trade. The onset of the Opium War sparked years later as British merchants refused to stop selling the opium to the Chinese. With a British victory in China concluding the Opium War, Chinese trade rights with the West fell apart. Unequal treaties were forced upon the Chinese, opening more ports in China, ultimately favoring British trade, while making China merely a trade tool of the West. Nonetheless, prior to the Opium War we saw that with equal trade rights China had vast amounts of economic prosperity when partnered with the West. This suggests that China did have much to gain through trade with the West, and if today in the modern world China were to poses equal trade rights with the West they again would prosper. Westerners have continually attempted to infiltrate East Asian countries strict foreign policies and conservative views. Both Korea and China saw the West as a threat to their sovereignty, culture, and way of life, and decided to play out a policy of isolation. Refusing and fearing modernization, which, inevitably would lead to â€Å"westernization.† On the other hand, the example of Japanese history provides hindsight that would suggest trade and open arms to Western ideas would greatly benefit the developing nations of East Asia. Ever since Commodore Perry arrived on the coast of Japan their culture, economic strength, way of life and standard of living has flourishing. Japanese dominance in East Asia arose immediately, as not only an economic and cultural heart, but also a military power that would now lay threat to Korea, China and Russia. From Japan’s modernization, we see that the technology, and innovation received through trade with the West was essential to the ir success as a superpower. Indeed, we must infer that if nations such as China and Korea had the open arms policy that Japan adopted they too would have emerged as economic and military powers prior to the WWII, allowing for them to resist the imperialistic expansionism that Japan posed threat to in the first half of the 20th century. Indeed, it seems as though Chinese scholars recognized this as Social Darwinism became popular in the 20th century. While China sat back and witnessed the growth and dominance of Japan through their plentiful steps in modernization during the late 19th and early 20th century, Chinese scholars began to question Confucianism, and their culture as a whole. Confucianism had forced the people to hold on to the â€Å"old† Chinese way of life, allowing for little change, and opposing westernization. However, while Japan expressed its imperialism by colonizing Korea, Social Darwinism suggested to the Chinese scholars that they may too, like Korea, be inferior to the modernized Japan. China, fearing that they would face extinction unless they adopted major government reforms and attempted to step into the modern world, finally began to shift away from the fear of modernization and westernization. In hindsight, we see that China initially tried to seclude itself by trading internally only during the 18th century since leaders felt foreign goods were unuseful. However, after years of European infringement upon East Asia, in which Westerners struggled to transform China into a nation with open arms for Western goods, it ironically was the fear of Japanese expansion that would force Chinese modernization. Yet, now that the Chinese had decided to step into the modern world to protect itself from Japan, they would fall into the hands of Communism. China adopting Communism would further frustrate the West as Communism shut the large markets, and excluded trade to other communist nations such as the Soviet Union. The West saw its failure to open the markets of China as Communism rose under the leadership of Mao Zedong. Communism was greatly influenced by two main factors in China. Firstly, the discontent toward French (West) society by Chinese students and government officials living there. Chinese students during the early 20th century had been studying in France, and working in factories to pay their tuition. They saw daily life as a struggle since money was short and tuition was high. These students would later form the Communist government in China. Similarly, the hatred grew for the French and its allies as the Treaty of Versailles divided Chinese land that was previously controlled by Germany among the Allied nations instead of returning it to China. Secondly, the support the Soviet Union provided in aid and soldiers to protect China from Japan allowed for a strong relationship between the leaders of the emerging communist party in China and the leaders of the Soviet Union. Indeed the aid provided by the Soviet Union was essential in gathering support for the Communist Party in China. Also, t he Chinese citizenry now had a growing respect for the Soviets after they protected China from Japan. Nonetheless, with the fall of the Soviet Union as a superpower after the Cold War, the influence of Communism diminished in China. The Russian government grew a reputation of corruption and instability. Would China inevitably follow? Certainly the fall of the Soviet Economy under the communist regime must have worried Chinese businessmen hoping for trade with their northern ally. It seems as though China recognized its economy could not stabilize without the former Soviet Union whom had been critical in supporting not only the Chinese economy but communist political spectrum as well. Such support was most evident during the civil war years as The Soviet Union sent missionaries to shanghai to support the communist regime. Indeed, China has therefore began to step into a more open market economy, which is extremely ironic since this is what the West has wanted all along, and now finally that they had seemed to give up on opening China, they accomplished it indirectly by coming out of t he Cold War on top, forcing China to seek new means of economic prosperity. It was President Nixon who took advantage of China’s economic and political instability as he visited Mao Zedong in 1972, sparking a revolutionary movement leading China reluctantly towards an open market economy. Just like the Europeans had done centuries before, he too was participating in the grand attempt by Western nations to further open the Chinese markets. As a result, China began to peer forward into the process of â€Å"westernization† while still holding on to its dear Marxist-Leninism / Confucianism ideals that had been so prominent in the past. Consequently, by 1986 students and intellectuals had become infuriated with their government and conducted â€Å"a series of demonstrations demanding that democratic right be granted to the Chinese people so that the economic modernization could take place in a more open atmosphere† (Spence, 590) As a result, by the 1970’s â€Å"rural families were allowed to increase vastly the amount of land they could till as private plots and sell the produce on the open market at unpegged prices. On a smaller scale, urban entrepreneurs were encouraged to experiment with non-exploitative business† (Spence, 590) Such vast changes in the Chinese government ideals, and economy led to problems of corruption and structure. China was in a predicament; as a result of the new economic reforms a new class of Chinese businessmen had been formed, and they were able to greatly benefit from the new economic reforms. Consequently, this new class of Chinese businessmen had large amounts of money with which they â€Å"were thirsting for consumer goods† (Spence, 590). Ultimately they began to import illegally from outside nations. Herein lies the main conflict for the Chinese government; they were and are caught between their new economic reforms and there old governmental ideals. Indeed, the new economic reforms which show signs of capitalism, have led to huge economic prosperity, similar to that of what China saw in the 18th century when it traded their silks for British silver. Showing further signs China plans to continue its economic reforms leading toward an open market economy China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO), and since has â€Å"expanded its exports and improved absorption of foreign investment through using opportunities provided by its WTO membership. In the first 10 months this year [2002], China’s foreign trade went up 19.7 percent†¦trade surplus amounted to 24.737bn US dollars, up 43.3 per cent on an annual basis†(Xinhua News Agency). Accordingly, China’s GDP has been on the rise, and is predicted to further rise in 2003 by as much as 8 percent. Evidently, we see that with the fall of economic superiority in Russia (the former Soviet Union) after the Cold War, China had been forced to look else where for trade, if it were to prosper. In turn, this has encouraged more of an open market economy in China as it was forced to turn to the West for the trade lost with the Soviet Union. This has been seen by such economic reforms as privatization of some industries, and some business throughout China. The Peoples Bank of China has pledged to begin a new open market operation every Tuesday and Thursday allowing for more and more privatization of businesses. Ironically, in the past, the West has struggled vigorously to open China’s vastly populated markets to Western business and failed, only to let China to fall into the hands of a communist regime. However, now that China has escaped its old ideals and fear of westernization it has begun to accept and prosper from Western trade and technology. In the last few years China has taken enormous steps that signify its willingness to trade world wide, and conform to suit capitalist systems. Interestingly, because China is currently in a transition period due to its economic reforms it is the only nation in which you can visit the 19th and 21st century in the same country! Small hinterland communities still take to the old ways of agriculture and old ways of life while huge cities like Beijing flourish in the 21st century with sky scraping buildings that resemble that of the United States. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on China topics from our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers at an affordable cost.